Intestinal Ewing sarcoma: An unusual presentation in the pediatric age / Sarcoma de Ewing intestinal: presentación inusual en la edad pediátrica

Abstract Background: Ewing's Sarcoma (ES) is the second most common type of bone cancer, with an annual incidence of 2.9:100,000. Extraosseous cases represent 15%; however, there are no reported cases of ES located in the intestine in the pediatric population. Case report: We describe the case of a 14-year-old male patient, previously healthy, who started with an anemic syndrome, weight loss, and diaphoresis of 8 weeks of evolution. After visiting a physician, who documented the presence of anemia, the patient was referred to the National Institute of Pediatrics. Physical examination showed grade III-IV systolic murmur, splenomegaly, and pain in the left hemiabdomen with no irradiation. Computed axial tomography showed a mass-dependent on the peritoneum and intestinal loop. A biopsy of the lesion showed intestinal ES. The lesion was completely resected, and the patient was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thirty months after diagnosis, the patient has no evidence of tumor activity. Conclusions: Extraosseous presentation of ES in pediatric age is rare. There are no reports of intestinal ES in the Latin American pediatric population, although eight case reports were found in adults. ES is curable by a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. The medical literature indicates that the extraosseous presentation should receive the same treatment as the osseous presentation, which can provide a survival rate of up to 70% if there is no evidence of metastasis (which most frequently is observed in the lung).

Resumen Introducción: El sarcoma de Ewing (SE) es el segundo tipo cáncer más común de hueso, cuya incidencia anual es de 2.9:100,000. Los casos extraóseos representan el 15%; sin embargo, no existen reportes en la literatura de casos de SE ubicados en el intestino en la población pediátrica. Caso clínico: Se describe el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 14 años, previamente sano, que inició con síndrome anémico, pérdida de peso y diaforesis de 8 semanas de evolución. Acudió con un médico, quien documentó la presencia de anemia y lo refirió al Instituto Nacional de Pediatría. A la exploración física presentaba soplo sistólico grado III-IV, esplenomegalia y dolor en hemiabdomen izquierdo sin irradiaciones. La tomografía axial computarizada mostró una masa dependiente del peritoneo y asa intestinal. La biopsia de la lesión reportó SE intestinal. Se resecó por completo la lesión y el paciente recibió tratamiento con quimioterapia y radioterapia. Después de 30 meses del diagnóstico, el paciente se encuentra sin datos de actividad tumoral. Conclusiones: La presentación extraósea del SE en edad pediátrica es rara. No existen reportes de presentación de SE intestinal en la población pediátrica latinoamericana, aunque se encontraron ocho reportes de caso en adultos. El SE es curable mediante la combinación de quimioterapia, radioterapia y cirugía. La literatura médica indica que la presentación extraósea debe recibir el mismo tratamiento que la ósea, lo cual puede proporcionar una sobrevida de hasta el 70% si no hay evidencia de metástasis (que ocurre más frecuentemente a pulmón).

Guía de práctica clínica mexicana para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dislipidemias y enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica / Mexican clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

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Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and Mexico is no exception. The epidemiological data obtained in 1990 showed that cardiovascular diseases represented 19.8% of all causes of death in our country. This figure increased significantly to 25.5% for 2015. Some national surveys suggest that more than 60% of the adult population has at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease (obesity or overweight, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemias). On the other hand, data from the Pan American Health Organization have linked the process of atherosclerosis as the first cause of premature death, significantly reducing life expectancy, which has enormous social repercussions. Objective: This document constitutes the Clinical Practice Guide (CPG) prepared at the initiative of the Mexican Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the Mexican Society of Nutrition and Endocrinology, AC, National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico, AC, Mexican Association for the Prevention of Atherosclerosis and its Complications, AC, National Normative Committee of General Medicine, AC, National College of Geriatric Medicine, AC, College of Internal Medicine of Mexico, AC, Mexican Society of Angiology and Vascular and Endovenous Surgery, AC, Mexican Institute of Research Nephrological, AC and the Mexican Academy of Neurology, A.C.; with the methodological support of the Ibero-American Agency for the Development and Evaluation of Health Technologies, in order to establish recommendations based on the best available evidence and agreed upon by an interdisciplinary group of experts. The objective of this document is to provide evidence-based recommendations to help decision makers in the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias in our country. Material and methods: This document complies with international quality standards, such as those described by the Institute of Medicine of the USA, the Institute of Clinical Excellence of Great Britain, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network and the Guidelines International Network. A multidisciplinary group of clinical experts and methodologists with experience in systematic reviews of the literature and the development of clinical practice guidelines was formed. A scope document was agreed upon, relevant clinical questions were established, the best available evidence critically evaluated in systematic literature reviews was exhaustively identified, and clinical recommendations were developed. The modified Delphi Panel methodology was used to achieve an adequate level of consensus in each of the recommendations contained in this CPG. Results: 23 clinical questions were agreed upon which gave rise to their respective clinical recommendations. Conclusions: We consider that this document contributes to better clinical decision-making and becomes a point of reference for clinicians and patients in the management of dyslipidemias and this contributes to reducing the morbidity and mortality derived from atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in our country.

Does the Human Development Index relate with acute lymphoblastic leukemia incidence? / ¿Existe relación entre el Índice de Desarrollo Humano y la incidencia de leucemia linfoblástica aguda?

Abstract Background: The association between childhood cancer and socioeconomic status has been widely studied. However, none of the results are conclusive. This study aimed to analyze the association between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) incidence in children under the Popular Medical Insurance Care. Methods: We conducted an observational, descriptive, and population-based study covering 55% of the Mexican population (58 million). Results: The most impoverished states were located in the south east region of Mexico, while the north was more homogeneous, with HDIs varying between 0.73 and 0.79. Our findings emphasize that the metropolitan area of Mexico City and the State of Nuevo Leon have the highest levels of HDI. Regions were graded from I to IV according to their HDIs in ascending order. The HDIs varied from 0.667 to 0.830/100,000 children/year, with a national average of 0.746. The leukemia incidence for regions I, II, III, and IV was 6.12, 6.53, 4.96, and 9.95. An analysis of ALL incidence in Mexico showed significant differences for region IV in comparison with the other regions based on the HDI values (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Further in-depth studies, including the economic aspects of the different geographic regions and their ethnographic characteristics, would give a more comprehensive panorama.

Resumen Introducción: Se ha estudiado la relación entre el nivel socioeconómico y el cáncer en niños. Sin embargo, aún no existen resultados concluyentes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la asociación entre el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) y la incidencia de leucemia linfoblástica aguda en niños atendidos por el Seguro Popular. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo. La población estudiada representa el 55% de la población mexicana (58 millones). Resultados: Los Estados más pobres se localizaron en la región sureste de México, mientras que el norte del país fue más homogéneo, con un IDH que varió entre 0.73 y 0.79. Los hallazgos muestran que el área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México y el Estado de Nuevo León tienen un IDH más alto. Las regiones se graduaron del I al IV en orden ascendente de acuerdo con su IDH. El IDH varió de 0.667 a 0.830 por 100,000 niños por año, con un promedio nacional de 0.746. La incidencia de leucemia por 100,000 niños por año en las regiones I, II, III y IV fue de 6.12, 6.53, 4.96 y 9.95, respectivamente. El análisis de variabilidad de la incidencia de leucemia linfoblástica aguda en México muestra diferencias entre la región IV y el resto de las regiones de acuerdo con los valores del IDH (p = 0.0001). Conclusiones: Se deben realizar estudios más profundos que consideren no solo los aspectos económicos de las diferentes regiones, sino también sus características etnográficas, lo cual podría dar un panorama más amplio.

Feeding difficulties and eating disorders in pediatric patients with cancer / Trastornos y dificultades en la alimentación en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer

Abstract Background Feeding difficulties and disorders are a common problem in the pediatric population, which involve a series of deficient behaviors about nutrition processes that can adversely affect psychomotor, psychosocial, and physical development of children. This study aimed to describe the frequency of feeding difficulties or disorders in pediatric patients with cancer. Methods A prospective study which included 125 children from 1-19 years treated at the Department of Oncology of the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, was conducted. The diagnosis of eating disorders and feeding difficulties was determined during the first 48 h since admission, and the age of the patient influenced the type of disorder and feeding difficulties. Results Children older than 11 years presented more frequently an intense resistance of feeding because of discomfort pain (fear of feeding) than younger children (11.4 ± 4.7 vs. 7.4 ± 4.9, p ≤ 0.001). The most frequent alteration associated with malnutrition was loss of appetite (odds ratio [OR]: 8.8, confidence interval [CI] 95% 2.9-26.9, p<0.001), followed by fear of feeding (OR: 3.14, CI 95% 1.24-7.9, p=0.015), and the organic causes showed the highest risk for malnutrition (OR: 3.1, CI 95% 0.98-9.7, p=0.054). Conclusions Over 90% of the studied population demonstrated at least one eating disorder or feeding difficulty. The principal effect is inadequate nutritional intake due to limited appetite and fear of feeding, which can result in undernutrition. For this reason, the identification of alterations in nutrition processes should be part of the comprehensive assessment of cancer patients.

Resumen Introducción Los trastornos y dificultades para la alimentación son problemas comunes en la edad pediátrica. Estas situaciones conllevan una serie de comportamientos inadecuados respecto de los procesos de nutrición que pueden afectar de manera adversa el desarrollo psicomotor, psicosocial y físico del niño. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la frecuencia de desórdenes y dificultades en la alimentación en niños con cáncer a través de un estudio prospectivo. Métodos Se incluyeron 125 niños de 1 a 19 años de edad del Servicio de Oncología del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México. El diagnóstico de desorden y dificultad en la alimentación se determinó en las primeras 48 horas del ingreso. Resultados Los niños mayores de 11 años presentan con mayor frecuencia resistencia a comer debido a dolor o malestar (miedo a comer) (11.4±4.7 años versus 7.4±4.9 años; p≤0.001). La alteración más frecuente asociada a malnutrición fue la disminución del apetito (razón de momios [RM]: 8.8; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 2.9-26.9; p<0.001), seguido del miedo a comer (RM: 3.14; IC 95%: 1.24-7.9; p=0.015) y las causas con mayor riesgo de malnutrición fueron las orgánicas (RM: 3.1; IC 95%: 0.98-9.7; p=0.054). Conclusiones Se encontró que en más del 90% de esta población se presentó por lo menos un desorden alimentario o dificultad al alimentarse. El principal efecto es la ingesta nutricional inadecuada debida al apetito limitado y al miedo a alimentarse, lo que puede resultar en desnutrición. Por esta razón, la identificación de alteraciones en los procesos de nutrición deben ser parte de la valoración integral de los pacientes con cáncer.

Modelos matemáticos de parámetros reológicos y su influencia en el sistema de bombeo de fluidos no newtonianos / Mathematical models of rheological parameters and their influence on the pumping system of non-Newtonian fluids / Modelos matemáticos de parâmetros reológicos e sua influência no sistema de bombeamento de fluidos não-newtonianos

Resumen En la presente investigación se realizó un estudio de la influencia de los parámetros reológicos de las hidromezclas lateríticas con los parámetros energéticos de los sistemas de bombeo que garantizan la productividad en la obtención de sulfuro de níquel. A partir de estudios experimentales como técnicas de difracción de rayos-X, fluorescencia de rayos-X y análisis de tamaño de partículas se modelaron los comportamientos de la viscosidad aparente, el esfuerzo cortante inicial, el índice de consistencia másica y el índice de flujo. Lo anterior, en función de los siguientes factores: temperatura, contenido de sólidos, composición química y granulométrica. Los resultados evidenciaron que las suspensiones lateríticas se comportan como fluidos no newtonianos con plasticidad, debido a su carácter de materiales polidispersos, con un predominio de granulometría fina (partículas menores de 0,045 mm). Esto explica sus comportamientos reológicos, ajustables al modelo de Bulkley-Herschel a valores de temperatura de 28 a 90 °C y concentración de sólidos de 37 a 48 % (p/p). Se concluye que el uso de un modelo matemático que relaciona los parámetros reológicos de la pulpa laterítica y los parámetros energéticos del sistema de bombeo contribuye con la eficiencia energética de la alimentación de la pulpa requerida en el proceso de lixiviación ácida.

Abstract The present paper presents a study of the rheological parameters influence of lateritic hydromixtures with the energetic parameters of the pumping systems, which guarantee productivity when obtaining nickel sulphide. Experimental studies such as X-ray diffraction techniques, X-ray fluorescence and particle size analysis were carried out to model apparent viscosity, initial shear stress, mass consistency index and flow index. The above, based on the following factors: temperature, solids content, chemical and granulometric composition. The results showed that the lateritic suspensions behaved as non-Newtonian fluids with plasticity, due to their character of polydispersed materials, with a predominance of fine granulometry (particles less than 0.045 mm), which explains their rheological behavior, adjustable to the Bulkley - Herschel model at temperature values of 28 to 90 °C and solids concentration of 37 to 48 % (w/w). it is concluded that the use of a mathematical model that relates the rheological parameters of the lateritic pulp and the energy parameters of the pumping system contributes to energy-efficiency of the pulp feeding in the acid leaching process.

Resumo Na presente investigação, apresenta-se a influência dos parâmetros reológicos das hidromisturas lateríticas com os parámetros energéticos dos sistemas de bombeamento que garantem a produtividade na obtenção de sulfato de níquel. A partir de estudos experimentais, tais como técnicas de difracção de raios X, fluorescência de raios X e analise do tamanho de partícula, o comportamento da viscosidade aparente, o esforço de cisalhamento inicial, o índice de consistência de massa e o índice de fluxo são modelados. Acima, com base nos fatores a seguir: temperatura, teor de sólidos, composição química e granulométrica. Os resultados mostraram que as suspensões lateríticas se comportam como fluxos não-newtonianos com plasticidade, devido ao seu caráter de materiais polidispersos, com predominância de granulometria fina (partículas menores do que 0,045 mm), o que explica seu comportamento reológico, ajustável ao modelo de Bulkley - Herschel a valores de temperatura de 28 a 90 °C e concentração de sólidos de 37 a 48 % (p/p). Conclui-se que o uso de um modelo matemático que relaciona os parâmetros reológicos da polpa laterítica e os parâmetros de energia do sistema de bombeamento contribui para a eficiência energética da polpa de alimentação no processo de lixiviação ácida.

Consolidation treatment for high risk solid tumors in children with myeloablative chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic progenitor stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND In childhood cancer, consolidation treatment with chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic progenitor stem cell transplantation is currently an accepted treatment modality in patients with high-risk solid tumors or in patients who have relapsed after conventional treatment. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to describe the results of transplantation of a group of children who had high-risk solid tumors or relapsed after conventional chemotherapy regimens. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted from January 1998 to October 2004 of all children with pathologic diagnoses of high-risk solid tumors or children that had previously relapsed after conventional chemotherapy and that were subsequently submitted to autologous hematopoietic progenitor stem cell transplantation. The analysis included overall survival rates, event-free survival rates, mortality rates and chemotherapy complications. RESULTS Nineteen patients were submitted to this approach. The age range was from 27 to 196 months with a median age of 52 months. The overall survival rate at 100 days was observed in 79%, the three-year event-free survival rate was 63%. The mortality rate secondary to the myeloablative chemotherapy regimen was 21% (n = 4). Only three patients (15.8%) relapsed with tumor progression after transplant. CONCLUSION Autologous hematopoietic progenitor stem cell transplantation is still a successful procedure in patients with solid tumors refractory to conventional chemotherapy.

Evaluación del tratamiento con VAMP más radioterapia a campos involucrados, en pacientes pediátricos mexicanos con estadio temprano de linfoma de Hodgkin / Evaluation of treatment with VAMP plus involved-field radiation in Mexican pediatric patients with early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma

Introducción. Objetivo: evaluar la supervivencia y toxicidad de pacientes con diagnóstico de linfoma de Hodgkin en etapa favorable tratados con quimioterapia con VAMP (vinblastina, doxorrubicina, metotrexate, prednisona) y bajas dosis de radioterapia a campos comprometidos. Métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes con etapas favorables tratados con 4 ciclos de VAMP (vinblastina 6 mg/m²sc, doxorrubicina 25 mg/m²sc, metotrexate 20 mg/m²sc y prednisona 40 mg/m²sc). Administrándose en los días 1 y 15; más radioterapia a campos comprometidos (21.6 Gy). La supervivencia se determinó por curvas de Kaplan-Meier y se ajustaron con la prueba de Cox. Resultados. Se incluyeron 17 pacientes, con media de edad de 7 años. Dos pacientes recayeron, uno a los 4 y otro a los 16 meses. La supervivencia global fue de 94.12%, con seguimiento de 66 meses (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]). La supervivencia libre de evento fue de 88.24% con seguimiento de 63 meses (IC 95%). Conclusiones. El uso de este esquema de quimioterapia y radioterapia (21.6 Gy) a campos comprometidos, tuvo una supervivencia global mayor. La toxicidad a mediano plazo por radioterapia fue elevada, por lo que se debe considerar la disminución de la dosis a 15 Gy para pacientes con respuesta completa.

Introduction. Purpose: To evaluate outcome and assess toxicity of patients with early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma treated with VAMP and low-dose involved-field radiation. Methods. Patients with clinical favorable stages Hodgkin lymphoma were treated with 4 cycles of VAMP (vinblastine 6 mg/m²sc, doxorrubicyn 25 mg/m²sc, methotrexate 20 mg/ m²sc, and prednisone 40 mg/m²sc) administrated on day 1 and day 15. And 21.6 Gy involvedfied radiation. The over-all survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods. Results. 17 patients were included, the median age was 7 years. Two patients present progressive disease at 4 and 16 months respectively. The overall survival were 94.12% with follow-up of 66 months (IC 95%), the event-free survival were 88.24% with follow up of 63 months (IC 95%). Conclusions. The combined modality therapy with chemotherapy and involved-field radiation (21.6 Gy) shows a better overall survival. The radiation toxicity was elevated, for that reason we must try to reduce the dose of radiotherapy at 15 Gy in patients with complete response to treatment.